Plant tissue culture means culturing plant seeds, organs, explants, tissues, cells, or protoplasts on a chemically defined synthetic nutrient media under sterile and controlled conditions of light, temperature, and humidity. Tissue culture techniques play a significant role in geophysiological process, strain improvement, morphogenesis and micropropagation for any types of crops. In this technique, the influence of different concentration of plant growth hormones such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and IBA enriched marine media were used. Amongst different concentration of hormones enriched media, auxin 10^-6M enriched PES and f/2 media influences maximum number of vegetative branches and a callus (disorganized cell mass that arose from the organized tissue of the explant), Although regeneration was observed in other supplemented cytokinin, gibberellin and IBA enriched media but the speed of regeneration and growth was found to be slow compared to auxin. The simultaneous formation of filamentous outgrowth was observed at the cut ends of explants. These filamentous outgrowths later developed several vegetative branches cultured in different concentration of enriched media. The explants taken from the basal portion of the thallus regenerated maximum number of vegetative branches compared to the apical portion. In G. corticata, the pattern of the growth of vegetative branches was found to be uniaxial. A Complete plantlet of Sargassum tennerimum and G. corticataalong with several branches was grown successfully in auxin supplemented enriched PES and f/2 medium after 1 months of culture. The color of plantlets was bushy and quite similar to that of field material in appearance.

Groundwater is the primary source of potable water for billions of people around the world. The ground water is also used for irrigation purpose worldwide.  Due to its importance in the life of human beings, it is crucial to make sure that the water is of the highest quality. Due to various undesirable activities of the human beings, global industrialization and deforestation, a sizable chunk of the ground water field's attention in recent years has shifted from worries about ground water availability to issues with ground water quality. The environment of the ground water is being contaminated by a rising number of soluble substances as a result of the way we live. Due to increase in population worldwide, the water uptake for agriculture and domestic use has also been increased in recent years. Due to this reason the level of ground water has shifted to higher depth along with decline in overall water quality. This is a clear result of our consumerist way of life. This article is all about chemical analysis of the water quality of some villages of blocks Ateli, Kanina and Mahendergarh of District Mahendergarh of Haryana State. The chemical composition of the ground water was calculated and compared with the acceptable limits as specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS: 10500-2012) and World Health Organization (WHO).">

Abstract: This chapter presents the results of a geophysical survey the movement of  In recent decades, green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using various medicinal plants is greatly studied for its beneficial effects in various platforms (like biosensors, drug development) and it does not exert more harmful effects. Indeed, green synthesis of AgNPs is considered more advantageous than other conventional methods as it is affordable, ecofriendly and nontoxic.  In this study, we have synthesized green AgNPs using Wedelia calendulacea leaf extract and confirmed its physiochemical properties using Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Ultra violet and visible (Uv-Vis) absorption spectroscopy / spectrophotometer analyses. Furthermore, we have also tested its anti-microbial effects using gram positive and gram-negative bacterial strains to understand its potential use as an anti-bacterial component. Our results showed, W.calendulacea AgNPs exhibited sharp bands at 421 nm absorbance. The reduction of the metal ions was about 90% rate within about 5h and is stable for upto 4 weeks. Similarly, SEM analyses showed the nanoparticle size to be 1-100nm and were spherical in shape. FTIR measurement also showed, W.calendulacea AgNPs band spectrum in 3200-3550cm-1­ corresponds to H-bonds, band peak at 1500-1550 cm-1­ for C-H bonds and peak at 1450-1500 cm-1­ for N-H; while the AgNPs peak was at 500-500 cm-1­. Next, the anti-bacterial studies using gram positive and gram-negative bacterial cells showed significant growth inhibitions. Taken together our results showed   W.calendulacea AgNPs showed characteristics patterns for green synthesized AgNPs nanoparticles and also they exerts anti-bacterial functions. However, further indepth studies are required for understanding its mechanism of action as an anti-microbial drug candidate.   

Excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties are possessed by grapheme oxide nanocomposites. These materials may find use in solar cells, biological systems, sensors, and high-performance transistors. In this paper we explain the characterizations, synthesis techniques, mechanical characteristics, and thermal characteristics of synthesized GO (graphene oxide). For the characterization of GO nanocomposites, the significance of characterization methods such as Corrosion measurement, XRD (X-Ray diffraction) and Raman-Spectroscopy and was covered in detail.">